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List of African-American U.S. state firsts : ウィキペディア英語版 | List of African-American U.S. state firsts
African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. African-Americans' initial achievements in various fields historically establish a foothold, providing a precedent for more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier."〔Juguo, Zhang. ''W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line'', Routledge, 2001 - ISBN 0-415-93087-1〕〔Herbst, Philip H. ''The Color of Words: an encyclopaedic dictionary of ethnic bias in the United States'', Intercultural Press, p. 57, 1997 - ISBN 1-877864-97-8〕 In addition to major, national- and international-level firsts, African-Americans have achieved firsts on a statewide basis. ==19th century==
*1868 ::First elected African-American lieutenant governor: Oscar Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana *1870 ::''May: ''First African-American acting governor: Oscar James Dunn of Louisiana from May till August 9, 1871, when sitting Governor Warmoth was incapacitated and chose to recuperate in Mississippi. (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990) *1871 ::First African-American police officer in Chicago, Illinois: James L. Shelton.〔https://portal.chicagopolice.org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/About%20CPD/History〕 *1872 ::First African-American governor of Louisiana: P. B. S. Pinchback (Also first in U.S.) (Non-elected; see also Douglas Wilder, 1990) *1880 ::First African American elected to the Indiana general assembly: James Sidney Hinton.〔(Standing with Black trailblazer James S. Hinton )〕〔(Indiana Black History Public Art Legacy Project )〕 *1889 *First African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast: Maria Louise Baldwin, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge.
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